Haemorrhoids may be defined as vascular engorgements of the haemorrhoidal plexuses in the submucosa of anal canal beneath the mucocutaneous lining
Internal haemorrhoids - its involves the upper 2/3 part mucosal line part of anal canal above dentate line in the superior haemorrhoid plexuses
External haemorrhoids - it occurs beneath the cutaneous lining of lower1/3 rd part of anal canal is formed by inferior and middle haemorrhoidal plexuses
Externo-internal haemorrhoids - After long time straining enlarged internal haemorrhoid with external haemorrhoidal plexuses protrude at anal orifice,this is called externo internal haemorrhoids
FIRST DEGREE HAEMORRHOIDS
During defecation the pile mass descent down in the lumen of anal canal but not outside the anal orifice
SECOND DEGREE HAEMORRHOIDS
In this stage the pile mass becomes larger in size and descents down outside the anal orifice during defecation and reduced itself in the anal canal after straining act is over
THIRD DEGREE HAEMORRHOIDS
In this stage the pile mass protrudes at anal orifice during defecation,it does not reduce itself but needs reduction by digital manipulation.it may reprolapse again even with slight straining or exerstion and needs digital reduction in the anal canal
FORTH DEGREE HAEMORRHOIDS
In advanced cases internal haemorrhoids with external haemorrhoids plexuses gain a larger size and remain permanently prolapsed at anal orifice,these pile can not be returned into anal canal
An anal fissure may be defined as crack or vertical ulcer in the cutaneous lining of lower anal canal from anus outer end to reach anus inside 2c.m.
Majority of anal fissure occurs in medline posteriorly,IN female its occurs anteriorly
This position is called medically 12’o’ clock and 6’o’clock
A fistula is a tubular structure which connects two epithelised cavities with each other or one cavity to the surface
Anal gland got infected at anal region,it is called as Anal abscess
Pilonidal sinus is an infected tract under the skin between buttocks.Those persons who had to be travel constantly for long period in jeep .
so it is called as jeep disease. it was found in army person during second world war in 1935-45
Circumferential descending down of mucosa or entire thickness of rectal wall outside the anal outlet is called rectal prolapse.
Infective organism is nisseria gonorrhoea ,which is transferred to anal region by and infected homosexual during intercourse.
This disease is transmitted after intercourse in homosexual.
It is complication of hiv infection,occur due to homosexual,its viral infection.
Anal papillomas is warty growths commonely seen in anorectal clinics.
Chronic anal fissure and prolapsed piles with traces of anal discharge causes pruritus ani.
